However, in debilitated and immunocompromised patients, the unrestricted proliferation of listeriae in the liver may result in prolonged low-level bacteremia, leading to invasion of the preferred secondary target organs (the brain and the gravid uterus) and to overt clinical disease. In normal indivuals, the continual exposure to listerial antigens probably contributes to the maintenance of anti-Listeria memory T cells. ![]() This initial, subclinical step of listeriosis is thought to be common due to the frequent presence of pathogenic L. In the liver, listeriae actively multiply until the infection is controlled by a cell-mediated immune response. ![]() The liver is thought to be their first target organ after intestinal translocation. Pathogenic listeriae enter the host primarily through the intestine. Our current view of the pathophysiology of listeriosis derives largely from studies with the mouse infection model. Listeria ivanovii, a second pathogenic species of the genus, is specific for ruminants. monocytogenes affects many vertebrate species, including birds. ![]() Listeriosis can also manifest as a febrile gastroenteritis syndrome. Clinical manifestations of invasive listeriosis are usually severe and include abortion, sepsis, and meningoencephalitis. Pregnant women, neonates, the elderly, and debilitated or immunocompromised patients in general are predominantly affected, although the disease can also develop in normal individuals. The gram-positive bacterium Listeria monocytogenes is the causative agent of listeriosis, a highly fatal opportunistic foodborne infection.
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